Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

493
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
493
Steps in the Modeling Process01:14

Steps in the Modeling Process

796
Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...
796
Law of Effect01:06

Law of Effect

5.3K
B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle...
5.3K
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

677
Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in...
677
Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other01:20

Social Foundations of Self II: The Generalized Other

353
According to George Herbert Mead, as children progress beyond the game stage, they develop a more comprehensive understanding of societal rules and norms. This cognitive and social development enables them to internalize the expectations of the broader community, refining their ability to regulate behavior.Consistent participation in organized activities is crucial in helping children recognize that their actions are not isolated but contribute to a more significant, interconnected group...
353
Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game01:24

Social Foundations of Self I: Play and Game

303
The development of self in children is deeply rooted in social interactions, mainly through stages of play and structured games. These stages, outlined by sociologist George Herbert Mead, illustrate how children progressively learn to understand and adopt social roles, forming a cohesive sense of self.The Play Stage: Imitation and Simple Role-TakingIn the early years of childhood, the play stage is characterized by imitative behavior, where children engage in role-playing based on familiar...
303

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Accelerometer-derived movement phenotypes and adolescent mental health in pediatric obesity: A causal machine-learning study.

International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP·2026
Same author

Current Collector Engineering for New Efficient Bioresorbable Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Acute cardiovascular exercise and circulating neurotrophic factors in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanisms and methodological moderators.

Brain research·2026
Same author

Artificial intelligence as a partner in meta-analysis-Research agenda, user recommendations, and speed-accuracy tradeoffs: Commentary on Jansen et al. (2025).

Psychological bulletin·2026
Same author

Timing of MVPA and psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with overweight/obesity.

International journal of clinical and health psychology : IJCHP·2026
Same author

Nine quick tips for software containerization.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same journal

Imagine No Resources: Attention Is Selection and Normalization for Choice.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
Same journal

Children's Third-Party Punishment Reveals a Genuine Concern for Fairness and Justice.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
Same journal

Chaos Theory and Child Development: Quantifying Nonlinear Pathways of Growth.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
Same journal

Formal Modeling as Theoretical Glue between Laboratory and Naturalistic Studies of Memory.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
Same journal

Growing Technological Opacity and the Social Brain.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
Same journal

Bringing the Reading Sciences Into the Classroom: Insights for Phonics Instruction.

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

10.4K

How Important Is Deliberate Practice? Reply to Ericsson (2016).

Brooke N Macnamara1, David Z Hambrick2, David Moreau3

  • 1Case Western Reserve University brooke.macnamara@case.edu.

Perspectives on Psychological Science : a Journal of the Association for Psychological Science
|May 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deliberate practice explains only 18% of sports performance variance, challenging the view that it

More Related Videos

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.5K
Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking
13:40

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Published on: December 16, 2010

17.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

Published on: September 11, 2017

10.4K
Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.5K
Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking
13:40

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Published on: December 16, 2010

17.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Sports Science
  • Expertise Research

Background:

  • The role of deliberate practice in achieving expert performance is a subject of ongoing debate.
  • Ericsson and colleagues propose that accumulated deliberate practice largely determines individual differences in expertise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the empirical evidence supporting the claim that deliberate practice is the primary driver of expertise.
  • To quantify the proportion of variance in performance attributable to deliberate practice.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of existing empirical studies on expertise and deliberate practice.
  • Extension of previous research (Macnamara, Hambrick, & Oswald, 2014) examining deliberate practice's contribution to performance.

Main Results:

  • Deliberate practice accounted for a significant, but not exhaustive, portion of variance in sports performance (18%).
  • A substantial amount of variance in performance remains unexplained by deliberate practice alone.

Conclusions:

  • The available evidence does not fully support the view that deliberate practice is the sole or primary determinant of expertise.
  • Other factors likely contribute significantly to the development of expertise beyond deliberate practice.
  • Further longitudinal research is needed to fully understand the multifaceted nature of expertise development.