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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Hindsight Biases01:12

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Introduction to Learning01:18

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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
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Associative Learning01:27

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Behaviorism01:28

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The field of behaviorism was pioneered by figures such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner fundamentally shifted the focus of psychology to the observable and controllable aspects of human and animal behavior. This shift marked a critical evolution in the discipline, emphasizing scientific rigor and experimental methodology.
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IMPROVE-IT: what have we learned?

Maciej Banach1, Dragana Nikolic, Manfredi Rizzo

  • 1aDepartment of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland bBiomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo cEuro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy dCGH Medical Centre, Sterling, Illinois; University of Illinois, School of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois eJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Cardiology
|May 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combination therapy with ezetimibe and simvastatin offers significant clinical benefits for patients with acute coronary syndrome. This effective dyslipidemia treatment is well-tolerated and recommended for high-risk individuals, including those with diabetes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Lipidology

Background:

  • Combination lipid-lowering therapy is increasingly utilized, with guidelines recommending its use.
  • Ezetimibe/simvastatin fixed-dose combination is a viable treatment option, supported by the IMPROVE-IT trial.
  • Ezetimibe's clinical utility was previously limited by a lack of definitive evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review controversies surrounding ezetimibe.
  • To provide a clinical perspective on the IMPROVE-IT study findings.
  • To discuss the role of ezetimibe/simvastatin combination therapy in dyslipidemia management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies and clinical guidelines on dyslipidemia treatment.
  • Analysis of the results from the IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial (IMPROVE-IT).
  • Inclusion of data from the Plaque Regression With Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor or Synthesis Inhibitor Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound study.

Main Results:

  • The IMPROVE-IT trial is the first to show a clinical benefit of ezetimibe combined with simvastatin in post-acute coronary syndrome patients.
  • The Plaque Regression With Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor or Synthesis Inhibitor Evaluated by Intravascular Ultrasound study demonstrated superior coronary plaque regression with statin/ezetimibe compared to statin monotherapy.
  • The combination therapy is well-tolerated with limited additional adverse events compared to simvastatin monotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Ezetimibe/simvastatin combination therapy is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for dyslipidemia in high-risk patients, including those with diabetes.
  • The IMPROVE-IT trial results support the use of adjunctive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with ezetimibe.
  • An individualized, patient-centered approach is recommended for implementing this combination therapy.