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Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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The Intrinsic Fragility of DNA (Nobel Lecture).

Tomas Lindahl1

  • 1Cancer Research UK, Clare Hall Laboratories, Hertfordshire, EN6 3LD, UK. tomas.lindahl@crick.ac.uk.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Tomas Lindahl

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cells utilize common molecules like water and oxygen, which can paradoxically lead to DNA damage.
  • Accumulated DNA damage poses a significant threat to cellular function and organismal health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which cells repair DNA damage.
  • To highlight the critical role of DNA repair enzymes in maintaining genomic integrity.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to study enzyme activity.
  • Molecular biology techniques to investigate DNA repair pathways.

Main Results:

  • Identification and characterization of specific DNA repair enzymes.
  • Demonstration of the enzymatic removal and replacement of damaged DNA segments.
Keywords:
DNA repairNobel lecturebase mismatchrepair enzymes

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Conclusions:

  • Specific enzymes are crucial for repairing DNA damage caused by endogenous molecules.
  • DNA repair mechanisms are essential for preventing mutations and maintaining cell viability.