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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
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Gene regulation in the immediate-early response process.

Shahram Bahrami1, Finn Drabløs2

  • 1Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, NO-7006 Trondheim, Norway.

Advances in Biological Regulation
|May 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Immediate-early genes (IEGs) rapidly activate gene expression via signaling cascades without new protein synthesis. These crucial genes play roles in stress response, differentiation, and diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
EnhancersImmediate-early responsePoised genesSignaling cascadesTranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are rapidly transcribed upon stimulation, independent of de novo protein synthesis.
  • IEGs respond to both external and internal cellular signals through complex signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in the activation and regulation of immediate-early genes.
  • To highlight the biological significance and disease relevance of IEGs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of signaling cascades involving extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and RhoA-actin pathways.
  • Analysis of transcriptional regulation mechanisms including enhancers and promoters.

Main Results:

  • IEG activation involves signal transduction from cell surface receptors to nuclear transcription factors (TFs).
  • Phosphorylation events are key mediators in the signaling cascade leading to gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Immediate-early genes are critical regulators of cellular responses, including stress and differentiation.
  • Dysregulation of IEGs contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases such as cancer.