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Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
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The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Polytene Chromosomes02:04

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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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Phosphorylation01:02

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria
07:20

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Published on: January 21, 2019

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Polyphosphate: popping up from oblivion.

Javier Jiménez1, Samuel Bru1, Mariana P C Ribeiro1

  • 1School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Current Genetics
|May 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Polyphosphate (polyP), a molecule found in all cells, plays crucial roles in cell cycle progression and genomic stability. Emerging evidence highlights polyP

Keywords:
Cell cyclePolyphosphateSaccharomyces cerevisiaeYeast

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Phosphate is essential for life, with cells storing it as polyphosphate (polyP).
  • Polyphosphate, a polymer of inorganic phosphate (Pi) molecules, is present in all cell types.
  • Despite its early discovery, polyP's functions remained largely unelucidated due to research challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the historical context and known roles of polyphosphate (polyP).
  • To discuss the involvement of polyP in cell cycle progression and genomic stability.
  • To explore the implications of polyP for accurate genome replication.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on polyphosphate.
  • Analysis of polyP's involvement in key cellular processes.
  • Discussion of experimental evidence supporting polyP's roles.

Main Results:

  • Polyphosphate is implicated in diverse cellular functions including protein folding, metabolism, and DNA synthesis.
  • Evidence strongly supports polyP's critical role in maintaining cell cycle progression.
  • Polyphosphate is essential for ensuring genomic stability and accurate genome replication.

Conclusions:

  • Polyphosphate is a vital molecule with significant, previously underestimated, cellular functions.
  • PolyP is indispensable for cell cycle control and the maintenance of genetic integrity.
  • Further research into polyP mechanisms will illuminate fundamental aspects of cell physiology and genome stability.