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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

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Mitigating bit flips or single event upsets in epilepsy neurostimulators.

Alice X Dong1, Ryder P Gwinn2, Nicole M Warner2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.

Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports
|May 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cosmic rays can cause software errors, known as single event upsets (SEUs) or bit flips, in epilepsy neurostimulators. Mitigation strategies are crucial for device reliability and patient safety.

Keywords:
CosmicEpilepsyNeurostimulationNeutronSafetySoftware

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiation Physics

Background:

  • Implanted neurostimulators, including those for epilepsy, are susceptible to electronic malfunctions.
  • Cosmic radiation is an environmental factor that can impact sensitive electronic components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review software errors, specifically single event upsets (SEUs) or bit flips, in epilepsy neurostimulators caused by cosmic rays.
  • To investigate the incidence, types, and mitigation strategies for SEUs in these devices.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of a single event upset (SEU) was analyzed.
  • Device manufacturers and public data were queried for error information and mitigation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Neurostimulators, similar to pacemakers, exhibit susceptibility to single event upsets (SEUs).
  • Various strategies for mitigating SEUs in neurostimulator software are available and reviewed.

Conclusions:

  • Cosmic radiation poses a threat to the memory (RAM) and settings of neurostimulators.
  • Neuromodulation teams and device designers must consider cosmic radiation risks in the design of advanced neuromodulation systems.