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Related Concept Videos

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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
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Motivated encoding selectively promotes memory for future inconsequential semantically-related events.

Javiera P Oyarzún1, Pau A Packard2, Ruth de Diego-Balaguer3

  • 1Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group [Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute] IDIBELL, Spain; Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Spain.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|May 26, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Motivated memory encoding enhances recall of inconsequential events, especially when rewards precede learning. This prospective memory enhancement requires time for memory consolidation, extending beyond immediate recall.

Keywords:
ConsolidationHuman episodic memoryIncidental encodingLong-term memoryRewardSynaptic tag and capture

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology of Memory

Background:

  • Memory for inconsequential events typically fades.
  • Memory can be enhanced by association with significant events (aversive or rewarding).
  • Previous research showed aversive stimuli enhance memory, but the effect of rewarding stimuli in humans was unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if rewarding stimuli enhance prospective memory in humans.
  • To determine if this enhancement is time-dependent, requiring memory consolidation.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in an incidental encoding task across three phases.
  • One semantic category was associated with rewards during the second phase.
  • Memory recall was tested immediately after encoding and 24 hours later.

Main Results:

  • Memory for inconsequential items was enhanced 24 hours later, but not immediately.
  • This enhancement occurred only for items from the rewarded category, provided rewards preceded the items.
  • No enhancement was observed for items presented after rewards.

Conclusions:

  • Prospective memory enhancement by reward-related information requires a consolidation period.
  • Motivated encoding effects on memory are prolonged over time, supporting a role for consolidation.
  • This study provides the first human evidence for prolonged prospective memory enhancement by reward-associated information.