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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis E Virus Circulation in Italy: Phylogenetic and Evolutionary Analysis.

Carla Montesano1, Marta Giovanetti1, Marco Ciotti2

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.

Hepatitis Monthly
|May 27, 2016
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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 circulates widely in Italian swine and humans, with evidence suggesting human infection originates from swine contact. This highlights the need for enhanced veterinary sanitary controls to prevent HEV transmission.

Keywords:
EvolutionHepatitis E VirusPhylogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of acute viral hepatitis globally.
  • HEV genotype 3 has a worldwide distribution and is prevalent in swine populations in developed countries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of HEV in Italian human and swine populations.
  • To estimate the origin and demographic trajectory of HEV.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 327 HEV sequences from humans and swine in Italy obtained from GenBank.
  • Phylogenetic analysis, including Bayesian maximum clade credibility and time-scaled phylogenies.
  • Skyline plot and selective pressure analyses were performed.

Main Results:

  • The evolutionary root of the analyzed HEV sequences was estimated to be around 1907.
  • Two major clades with two subclades were identified.
  • A demographic bottleneck was observed in swine HEV sequences, but not in human sequences. Only negative selection sites were detected.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the hypothesis of zoonotic HEV transmission from swine to humans in Italy.
  • Emphasizes the importance of monitoring swine origins and implementing veterinary sanitary measures to control HEV spread.