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Related Concept Videos

Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Neurodevelopmental Problems in Non-Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

Kyu-Won Shim1, Eun-Kyung Park1, Ju-Seong Kim1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Craniofacial Reforming and Reconstruction Clinic, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
|May 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Craniosynostosis, premature suture fusion, impacts skull shape and brain growth. Early, extensive surgery like whole-vault cranioplasty improves cosmetic and neurodevelopmental outcomes for affected children.

Keywords:
Cognitive outcomeCraniosynostosisNeurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Craniofacial Surgery
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Craniosynostosis involves premature fusion of skull sutures, causing craniofacial deformities.
  • Historically viewed as cosmetic, it impacts skull growth and brain accommodation.
  • Neurodevelopmental and intellectual outcomes are critical considerations in management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neurodevelopmental concerns in craniosynostosis management.
  • To discuss factors influencing outcomes, including surgical approach and timing.
  • To highlight the importance of early intervention for optimal results.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of craniosynostosis management strategies.
  • Analysis of studies on surgical outcomes (cosmetic and neurodevelopmental).
  • Examination of the impact of treatment age on prognosis.

Main Results:

  • Extensive surgical approaches, such as whole-vault cranioplasty, are associated with better outcomes.
  • Age at treatment is a significant factor for both cosmetic appearance and neurodevelopment.
  • Compensatory skull growth occurs but may not fully mitigate developmental impacts.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal management of craniosynostosis requires balancing cosmetic goals with neurodevelopmental considerations.
  • Early and comprehensive surgical intervention is crucial for improving long-term outcomes.
  • Further research into neurodevelopmental factors is essential for personalized treatment plans.