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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
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Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily...
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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than 7. For...
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Resting Membrane Potential01:24

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The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
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Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS
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Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS

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Sodium in Store and Restaurant Food Environments - Guam, 2015.

Sandra L Jackson, Brenna K VanFrank, Elizabeth Lundeen

    MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
    |May 27, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Lower-sodium food options are scarce in Guam

    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Nutrition Science
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Guam exhibits higher cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality rates than the U.S. mainland.
    • Excess sodium intake is a significant risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the availability and promotion of lower-sodium food choices within Guam's retail and restaurant environments.
    • To inform public health initiatives aimed at reducing sodium consumption.

    Main Methods:

    • A cross-sectional assessment was conducted in 2015 by the Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services (DPHSS).
    • Validated tools were adapted to measure sodium content and availability in randomly sampled stores (N=100) and restaurants (N=62).
    • Data were weighted to represent the regional nutrition environment.

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    Main Results:

    • Lower-sodium products were less frequently available across nine assessed product types compared to regular-sodium options (p<0.001).
    • Availability of lower-sodium items was notably lower in small stores compared to larger ones.
    • Reduced-sodium soy sauce was more expensive than regular soy sauce.
    • Restaurants rarely promoted sodium information or identified lower-sodium entrées (3% and 1%, respectively).

    Conclusions:

    • The current nutrition environment in Guam offers limited lower-sodium food choices.
    • Enhanced availability and promotion of lower-sodium foods in stores and restaurants are crucial for supporting healthier dietary patterns and mitigating cardiovascular disease risk.