Interleukin-1 Inhibition in Behçet's disease

Behçet's disease (BD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by a protean clinical spectrum and an enigmatic pathogenesis. After being classified as an autoimmune disorder, spondyloarthritis and vasculitis, today BD is considered at the crossroad between autoimmune and auto-inflammatory syndromes. Many pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic clues support this recent interpretation, enabling novel treatment choices such as interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition. Thus, in the last decade the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra and the anti-IL-1β monoclonal antibody canakinumab were increasingly administered in BD patients resistant to standard therapies, leading to interesting results and intriguing new pathogenetic implications. However, further studies are essential to both establish how the innate and acquired immune systems interact in BD patients and identify the best way of administering anti-IL-1 agents with regard to dosage, interval of administration, and organ response.