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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Vaccines01:21

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Generating long-lived CD8(+) T-cell memory: Insights from epigenetic programs.

Pranay Dogra1, Hazem E Ghoneim1,2, Hossam A Abdelsamed1

  • 1Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.

European Journal of Immunology
|May 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, are crucial for T-cell memory development. Understanding these changes informs the design of effective vaccines for chronic infections and cancer.

Keywords:
CD8+ T cellDNA methylationEpigeneticsHistone modificationMemoryT-cell exhaustion

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • T-cell immunological memory offers long-term protection against pathogens.
  • This memory is vital for developing vaccines against chronic infections and cancer.
  • Understanding T-cell memory maintenance is key to harnessing its full potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the epigenetic mechanisms underlying T-cell memory.
  • To investigate how memory T cells acquire and maintain effector functions.
  • To elucidate the role of epigenetics in T-cell subset differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on epigenetic programs in T-cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of DNA methylation and histone modification patterns.
  • Examination of factors influencing effector and memory T-cell development.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, stabilize T-cell memory properties.
  • Distinct epigenetic events differentiate memory T-cell subsets.
  • These findings provide insights into the developmental pathways of T-cell memory.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic programs are integral to effector and memory T-cell differentiation.
  • Stable epigenetic changes dictate the persistent functions of memory T cells.
  • This knowledge can guide the development of long-lived CD8(+) T-cell memory for vaccines.