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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Morphometric analysis of the developing pediatric cervical spine.

Kyle T Johnson1, Wajd N Al-Holou1, Richard C E Anderson2

  • 1Departments of 1 Neurosurgery and.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|May 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric cervical spine (neck) growth continues until age 18 in boys and 14 in girls, with most vertical development occurring in the lower spine. These findings establish crucial growth parameters for children.

Keywords:
D2–D7 = depth of vertebral bodies C2–C7H2–H7 = height of C2–C7 vertebral bodiesIVD = intervertebral discLA = distance from the basion to the midpoint of the inferior surface of the C-7 bodyLB = distance from the most superior aspect of the dens to the midpoint of the inferior surface of the C-7 bodyLC = distance from the midpoint of the inferior surface of the C-2 body to the midpoint of the inferior surface of the C-7 bodyLD = distance from the basion to the midpoint of the inferior surface of the C-2 bodyPACS = picture archiving and communications systemSC2 = upper cervical canal diameter measured at the level of the C-2 bodySC7 = lower cervical canal diameter measured at the level of the C-7 bodycervical spinedevelopmentgrowthmorphometric

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Developmental Anatomy

Background:

  • Understanding of pediatric cervical spine development is incomplete.
  • Quantitative data on normal cervical spine growth in children is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively define cervical spine growth in children with normal CT scans.
  • Establish normative growth parameters for the pediatric cervical spine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1458 cervical spine CT scans from children aged 1-18 years.
  • Subjects grouped by sex and age (34 groups), with 15 subjects per group randomly selected.
  • Linear measurements of 23 unique parameters on midsagittal cervical spine images.

Main Results:

  • Vertical cervical spine growth continues until age 18 in boys and 14 in girls.
  • Approximately 75% of vertical growth occurs in the subaxial spine, 25% in the craniovertebral region.
  • C-2 body is the largest contributor to vertical growth; vertebral bodies and disc spaces also contribute. Spinal canal diameter growth is mostly complete by age 4.

Conclusions:

  • Morphometric analysis establishes parameters for normal pediatric cervical spine growth up to age 18.
  • Data is essential for evaluating children for surgical intervention.
  • Provides a baseline for studies on cervical spine instrumentation and fusion effects on growth.