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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Changes in Parthenogenetic Imprinting Patterns during Reprogramming by Cell Fusion.

Hyun Sik Jang1, Yean Ju Hong1, Hyun Woo Choi1

  • 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

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Summary

Cell fusion can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. However, this process does not always fully reset genomic imprinting patterns in the reprogrammed cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genomic Imprinting

Background:

  • Differentiated somatic cells can regain pluripotency via cell-cell fusion.
  • Fusion-induced reprogramming involves epigenetic modifications like DNA demethylation and X chromosome reactivation.
  • The effect of cell fusion on genomic imprinting patterns remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether fusion with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) reprograms genomic imprinting in somatic cells.
  • To examine imprinting changes in hybrid cells formed by fusing neural stem cells with ESCs.

Main Methods:

  • Fusion of parthenogenetic neural stem cells with biparental ESCs.
  • Fusion of biparental neural stem cells with parthenogenetic ESCs.
  • Analysis of pluripotency markers (Oct4, Nanog) and methylation status of imprinted genes in resulting hybrid cells.

Main Results:

  • Hybrid cells expressed pluripotency markers Oct4 and Nanog.
  • Methylation patterns of most examined imprinted genes in hybrid cells were comparable to ESCs.
  • The imprinted gene Peg3 showed differential methylation, indicating incomplete imprinting reset.

Conclusions:

  • Cell fusion can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state with partial resetting of genomic imprinting.
  • Reprogramming by cell fusion does not necessarily reverse the imprinting status of all imprinted genes to that of the pluripotent fusion partner.
  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms and extent of imprinting reprogramming by cell fusion.