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Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
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What is automatized during perceptual categorization?

Jessica L Roeder1, F Gregory Ashby1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

Cognition
|May 28, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extensive practice automatizes either abstract rules or stimulus-response associations in perceptual categorization tasks. Rule-based tasks showed rule automatization, while information-integration tasks demonstrated stimulus-response association automatization.

Keywords:
Automatic learningCategorizationImplicit-explicit cognitionPerception

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Perceptual categorization involves learning to assign stimuli to categories.
  • Extensive practice can lead to automaticity in cognitive tasks.
  • Distinguishing between rule-based (RB) and information-integration (II) learning is crucial for understanding categorization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether stimulus-response associations or abstract rules become automatized with extensive practice in perceptual categorization.
  • To differentiate the learning mechanisms underlying RB and II categorization through the lens of automaticity.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-seven participants completed 12,300 trials of perceptual categorization using either RB or II category structures.
  • Participants trained on a primary category structure, switching to a secondary structure periodically.
  • Stimuli were classified as congruent or incongruent based on response consistency across primary and secondary structures.

Main Results:

  • Performance on primary categories met automaticity criteria after training.
  • In RB tasks, congruent and incongruent stimuli yielded similar accuracy and response times (RT).
  • In II tasks, congruent stimuli showed higher accuracy and lower RT compared to incongruent stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Results support the hypothesis that abstract rules are automatized in RB tasks.
  • Findings suggest stimulus-response associations are automatized in II tasks.
  • A cognitive neuroscience theory is proposed to explain these distinct automaticity patterns.