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Using lymph node swelling as a potential biomarker for successful vaccination.

Kimberly D Brewer1,2,3, Drew R DeBay1, Iulia Dude1

  • 1Biomedical Translational Imaging Centre (BIOTIC), Halifax, NS, Canada.

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Summary

Lymph node volume changes after vaccination can predict immunotherapy success. Increased right lymph node (RLN) volume and RNL/LLN ratio show strong potential as biomarkers for assessing vaccine efficacy and tumor suppression.

Keywords:
Immune responseImmunityImmunology and Microbiology Sectionbiomarkercanceremulsionmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)vaccines

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biomarkers
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Novel immunotherapies lack reliable biomarkers for preclinical and clinical assessment.
  • Previous research indicated lymph node (LN) volume changes in mice vaccinated with DepoVaxTM, a lipid-based vaccine platform.
  • These LN volume changes were specific to vaccinated subjects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate volumetric lymph node (LN) changes as predictive biomarkers for multiple vaccination platforms.
  • To assess the potential of LN volume changes in predicting treatment success for tumor-bearing mice.
  • To compare the efficacy of DepoVax (DPX) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • 100 tumor-bearing mice were vaccinated with either DPX or w/o emulsion, or left untreated.
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used for longitudinal monitoring of LN and tumor volumes over 4 weeks.
  • Changes in LN volumes post-vaccination were analyzed as potential predictive biomarkers.

Main Results:

  • Both %RLN volumetric increase and the RLN/LLN ratio were strong predictors of successful tumor suppression for both DPX and w/o vaccines.
  • Biomarker performance (AUC) peaked at 0.75-0.85 between two (%RLN) and three (RLN/LLN) weeks post-vaccination.
  • Optimized thresholds demonstrated high sensitivity (>90%) and specificity (>70%), indicating strong prognostic potential.
  • DepoVax vaccination resulted in more pronounced LN changes and higher anti-tumor activity compared to w/o emulsion.

Conclusions:

  • Volumetric changes in draining lymph nodes serve as effective predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy success.
  • The %RLN increase and RLN/LLN ratio show significant prognostic value in predicting tumor suppression.
  • DepoVax platform demonstrates superior anti-tumor efficacy, evidenced by greater lymph node response.