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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable element influences on gene expression in plants.

Cory D Hirsch1, Nathan M Springer2

  • 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms
|May 29, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) significantly impact plant genomes by introducing novel variations. TEs influence gene expression through insertions within genes, providing new promoters, and altering gene regulation via regulatory sites or chromatin modifications.

Keywords:
Transposable elementchromatin modificationsgene expression

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of plant genomes.
  • TE activity generates genomic variation within plant species.
  • Plants have evolved mechanisms to manage TEs and maintain gene function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the interactions between transposable elements and gene expression in plants.
  • To assess how transposons influence gene expression through various mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on transposable elements and gene expression in plants.
  • Analysis of three key mechanisms by which TEs affect gene expression.

Main Results:

  • TE insertions within introns or UTRs can be tolerated or cause aberrant transcripts.
  • TEs can act as alternative promoters, leading to novel expression patterns.
  • TEs near genes can influence regulation via enhancers or chromatin modification.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements actively shape plant genomes beyond simple mutation.
  • TEs play a crucial role in altering gene expression and function in plants.
  • Understanding TE-gene interactions is key to plant gene regulatory mechanisms.