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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Cultivation of Heligmosomoides Polygyrus: An Immunomodulatory Nematode Parasite and its Secreted Products
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Immunity to Haemonchus contortus and Vaccine Development.

A J Nisbet1, E N Meeusen2, J F González3

  • 1Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

Advances in Parasitology
|May 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sheep develop immunity to Haemonchus contortus through complex host factors and parasite exposure. Current vaccines target gut antigens, with future recombinant vaccines needing integrated immunobiology and antigen research.

Keywords:
Gastrointestinal nematodeHaemonchusHelminth immunityHidden antigenNematode vaccinesSubunit vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Immunology
  • Parasitology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Sheep develop protective immunity against Haemonchus contortus via complex host-parasite interactions.
  • Immune response effectors vary by parasite stage, with significant advancements in understanding since the 2000s.
  • Vaccine design requires knowledge of exposure-induced immunity and effector mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunobiology of Haemonchus contortus and its implications for vaccine development.
  • To discuss current vaccine strategies and future directions for recombinant subunit vaccines.
  • To summarize recent progress in antigen identification, expression, and presentation for vaccine design.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sheep immunity to Haemonchus contortus.
  • Analysis of current vaccine strategies, including native gut antigen vaccines.
  • Evaluation of advancements in recombinant subunit vaccine technology.

Main Results:

  • Effective immunity involves intricate host factors (age, nutrition, etc.) and parasite exposure.
  • Current successful vaccines target 'hidden' gut antigens, leading to a commercial vaccine in Australia.
  • Recombinant subunit vaccines have focused on non-gut antigens; development based on gut antigens is pending.
  • Progress in antigen identification, expression, and presentation is crucial for future vaccines.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Haemonchus contortus immunobiology is key for rational vaccine design.
  • Integration of immunobiology with advanced antigen technologies will drive future recombinant vaccine development.
  • Future research should focus on integrating host immunity knowledge with novel antigen discovery and delivery systems.