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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries
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HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

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Hox genes and evolution.

Steven M Hrycaj1, Deneen M Wellik2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-2200, USA.

F1000Research
|May 31, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hox genes, critical for body axis development, show conserved roles in animal evolution. Recent studies explore their origins, limbless body plan formation, and AP axis specificity, revealing ongoing research in Bilaterian body plan evolution.

Keywords:
AP patterningderegionalizedhomeoboxhox functionregionalization

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hox proteins are transcription factors essential for antero-posterior (AP) axis patterning in Drosophila and other Bilateria.
  • Changes in Hox gene expression are linked to the evolution of diverse body plans.
  • Despite functional conservation, many aspects of Hox gene biology and evolution remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight recent findings offering new perspectives on Hox gene biology.
  • To discuss the origins of the mammalian Hox cluster.
  • To examine the role of Hox genes in generating limbless body plans and potential mechanisms for AP axis specificity.

Main Methods:

  • Commentary based on recent scientific reports and literature review.
  • Synthesis of evolutionary and functional data related to Hox genes.
  • Analysis of novel insights into Hox gene cluster origins and function.

Main Results:

  • Recent research provides novel insights into the evolutionary origins of the mammalian Hox cluster.
  • Hox genes' roles in the development of limbless body plans are being further elucidated.
  • A new putative mechanism suggests Hox genes may encode specificity along the AP axis.

Conclusions:

  • Recent studies offer fresh perspectives on key questions in Hox gene biology.
  • Understanding Hox gene function is crucial for comprehending the evolution of Bilaterian body plans.
  • Further research is necessary to fully elucidate the complex roles of Hox genes in evolution.