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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine
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Biological Response Modifier in Cancer Immunotherapy.

Ronghua Liu1,2, Feifei Luo2,3, Xiaoming Liu1,4

  • 1Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Biological response modifiers (BRMs) enhance cancer immunotherapy by targeting cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and noncoding RNAs. These approaches modulate antitumor immunity and inflammation, with several already in clinical use for cancer treatment.

Keywords:
Biological response modifiersCancer immunotherapyCytokinesNoncoding RNAsToll-like receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are novel strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
  • Cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and noncoding RNAs play key roles in antitumor immunity and inflammation.
  • Existing BRMs include cytokines (IFN-α, IL-2) and TLR agonists (BCG, MPL, imiquimod).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the regulatory roles of TLR signaling, noncoding RNAs, and cytokines in cancer immunology.
  • To discuss the clinical applications of BRMs in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of original data and clinical cases.
  • Analysis of the mechanisms of action for BRMs.

Main Results:

  • TLR signaling, noncoding RNAs, and cytokines are critical in modulating the immune response against cancer.
  • Several BRMs, including TLR agonists, are approved for cancer treatment.
  • Novel agents like microRNA mimics are entering clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • BRMs targeting cytokines, TLRs, and noncoding RNAs show significant potential in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Further research and clinical studies are warranted to optimize BRM-based cancer treatments.