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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Thyroid Cancer in Pediatrics.

Josef Machac1

  • 1Nuclear Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1141, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|June 1, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) shows excellent treatment response and survival. Management focuses on monitoring with thyroglobulin and ultrasound, reserving radioiodine therapy for specific high-risk cases.

Keywords:
DiagnosisPediatricRisk-stratificationStagingTherapyThyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Nuclear Medicine

Background:

  • Well differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in children typically has a favorable prognosis.
  • Treatment strategies have shifted towards less invasive monitoring methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline current management principles for pediatric DTC.
  • To define the role of radioiodine therapy in DTC treatment and follow-up.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current treatment guidelines and clinical practices for pediatric DTC.
  • Emphasis on serial serum thyroglobulin measurements and ultrasound for monitoring.
  • Criteria for radioiodine therapy (ablation, local-regional, metastatic disease) outlined.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric DTC demonstrates high treatment response rates and low mortality.
  • Monitoring via thyroglobulin and ultrasound is central to patient management.
  • Radioiodine therapy is reserved for specific indications, with re-treatment deferred until disease progression.

Conclusions:

  • Current management of pediatric DTC emphasizes surveillance and targeted radioiodine use.
  • Long-term follow-up is crucial for assessing treatment efficacy and disease status.
  • Radioiodine therapy decisions are based on risk stratification and evidence of disease activity.