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Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) do not show worsening neurocognitive deficits between ages 4 and 7. While intelligence and psychosocial deficits persist, children with CHD appear to partially overcome some challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Child Psychology

Background:

  • Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) often experience neurocognitive deficits impacting daily and academic functioning.
  • These deficits may progressively worsen throughout childhood.
  • Infant heart surgery in CHD patients may influence long-term neurocognitive outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if children with CHD, who had infant heart surgery, exhibit increasing neurocognitive deficits, particularly in executive functions, as they age.
  • To compare the neurocognitive development trajectory of children with CHD to that of healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal follow-up study involving 107 children with CHD and 77 healthy controls.
  • Neurocognitive testing at age 4, with a follow-up assessment at age 7 for 93% of participants.
  • Assessment of intelligence, visual-motor integration (VMI), alertness, motor coordination, executive functions, and psychosocial functioning.

Main Results:

  • Children with CHD consistently showed lower IQ scores than controls.
  • The IQ gap narrowed from 11.7 points at the first follow-up to 7 points at the second.
  • Deficits in VMI, alertness, motor coordination, and psychosocial functioning did not worsen in the CHD group compared to controls between ages 4 and 7.

Conclusions:

  • Children with CHD who underwent infant heart surgery do not exhibit an increase in neurocognitive deficits between ages 4 and 7.
  • While deficits in intelligence, VMI, and psychosocial functioning persist, there is evidence of partial recovery or 'growing out' of some challenges.