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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain01:26

Linear Approximation in Frequency Domain

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Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
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Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Same author

Linear cochlear mechanics.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America·2015
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Dextran Labeling and Uptake in Live and Functional Murine Cochlear Hair Cells
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Nonlinear cochlear mechanics.

George Zweig1

  • 1Research Laboratory of Electronics, 26-169, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|June 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study extends the organ of Corti

Area of Science:

  • Bioacoustics
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Nonlinear Dynamics

Background:

  • Previous work characterized the linear mechanical response of the organ of Corti.
  • Extending this to the nonlinear domain is crucial for understanding complex auditory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and examine a nonlinear model of the organ of Corti.
  • To investigate the mechanical response to modulated tones and clicks using nonlinear oscillators.

Main Methods:

  • Derived nonlinear oscillator equations based on nonlocal coupling through pressure.
  • Constrained nonlinearities by stability and click response invariance.
  • Solved nonlinear oscillator equations numerically using fluid pressure at the stapes.

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Cochlear Surface Preparation in the Adult Mouse
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Main Results:

  • Developed a computational model for the nonlinear mechanical response of the cochlea.
  • Established methods for direct measurement of nonlinear damping.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of computing cochlear response to natural sounds.

Conclusions:

  • The nonlinear oscillator model provides a framework for analyzing cochlear mechanics.
  • This research opens new avenues for nonlocal nonlinear time-frequency analysis inspired by the cochlea.