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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity
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Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

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[The growing spine : Normal and abnormal development].

R Stücker1

  • 1Abt. für Kinderorthopädie, Altonaer Kinderkrankenhaus, Bleickenallee 38, 22763, Hamburg, Deutschland. Ralf.Stuecker@kinderkrankenhaus.net.

Der Orthopade
|June 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric spine growth progresses through distinct phases, with rapid early development followed by slower growth until puberty. Understanding these stages and utilizing clinical and radiological parameters aids in assessing spinal development and potential issues.

Keywords:
Determination of skeletal ageGrowth phasesPubertyScoliosisVelocity of growth

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Precision Measurements and Parametric Models of Vertebral Endplates
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Last Updated: Mar 20, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Spinal Growth Dynamics

Background:

  • Childhood spine development involves distinct growth phases.
  • Early years show rapid growth, with equal contributions from lower extremities and trunk.
  • Later childhood exhibits slower, steady growth until puberty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the phased growth patterns of the pediatric spine.
  • To identify key clinical and radiological indicators of spinal development.
  • To inform the prognosis of spinal malformations based on growth potential.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of pediatric spinal growth phases, including early childhood, pre-puberty, and puberty.
  • Evaluation of clinical parameters like standing height and arm span.
  • Assessment of radiological parameters such as Risser sign and skeletal age determination (Greulich and Pyle method).

Main Results:

  • Rapid growth occurs in the first five years, with 50% contribution each from lower extremities and trunk.
  • Pre-puberty shows a reduced growth rate (1 cm/year for T1-S1), with the spine contributing one-third of total growth.
  • Puberty includes an acceleration phase (2 years) with peak extremity and spinal growth, followed by a deceleration phase (3 years) involving Risser sign development and epiphyseal fusion.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric spinal growth is a dynamic, multi-phase process.
  • Clinical and radiological parameters are crucial for monitoring growth and predicting outcomes.
  • Understanding residual growth potential is key to managing spinal deformities in children.