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Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Eumorphic Plastic Surgery: Expectation Versus Satisfaction in Body Dysmorphic Disorder.

Paolo Giovanni Morselli1, Alessandro Micai2, Filippo Boriani3

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, S Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy. paologiovanni.morselli@unibo.it.

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
|June 3, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Plastic surgery can alleviate psychosocial pain from deformities. New questionnaires help assess patient expectations and satisfaction, with 93% reporting positive life changes post-surgery.

Keywords:
Body dysmorphic disorderCosmetic surgeryDysmorphopathyDysmorphophobiaPreoperative selection in plastic surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Psychosocial Health
  • Medical Assessment Tools

Background:

  • Eumorphic plastic surgery addresses severe psychosocial distress linked to deformities.
  • Dysmorphopathology presents a growing challenge for plastic surgeons.
  • Effective patient evaluation is crucial for successful surgical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce novel perioperative questionnaires for assessing patient expectations and satisfaction.
  • To evaluate a cohort of plastic surgery patients with dysmorphopathies.
  • To correlate preoperative expectations with postoperative outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 158 plastic surgery candidates (April 2011-June 2013).
  • Preoperative administration of the Patient Expectation Questionnaire (E-pgm).
  • Postoperative assessment using the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (S-pgm) at 12 months.

Main Results:

  • 79% of patients reported improved or unchanged satisfaction versus expectations.
  • 91% of patients felt surgery met their motivations for the procedure.
  • 93% of patients experienced an overall positive perioperative life change.

Conclusions:

  • The E-pgm and S-pgm are reliable tools for candidate selection and identifying dysmorphophobic patients.
  • Improved doctor-patient communication can mitigate misunderstandings and potential litigation.
  • The questionnaires aid in managing patient expectations and enhancing surgical outcomes.