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Juvenile hormone (JH) does not appear to regulate the exaggerated horn growth in rhinoceros beetles, despite its role in other insect traits. This suggests different evolutionary pathways for condition-dependent weapon development.

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Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Endocrinology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Juvenile hormone (JH) regulates insect growth and is linked to plastic traits like mandible size in stag beetles.
  • Male rhinoceros beetles exhibit exaggerated head horns that are condition-dependent, with better nutrition leading to disproportionately larger horns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if JH mediates the condition-dependent expression of elaborate horns in the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus.
  • To test the hypothesis that JH signaling is involved in the exaggerated, nutrition-sensitive horn growth in this species.

Main Methods:

  • Measuring JH titers in male rhinoceros beetles at different developmental stages.
  • Applying fenoxycarb, a JH analog, ectopically to larvae and late prepupae.
  • Assessing the effects of fenoxycarb application on pupation timing and relative adult horn size.

Main Results:

  • JH titers correlated with body size during early development but not during peak horn growth.
  • Ectopic fenoxycarb application delayed pupation but did not significantly increase relative horn size in adults.
  • Fenoxycarb application to late prepupae had minimal impact on relative horn size.

Conclusions:

  • JH does not appear to be the primary mediator of condition-dependent horn exaggeration in Trypoxylus dichotomus.
  • This finding suggests that different endocrine mechanisms may underlie the evolution of exaggerated, condition-sensitive traits in distinct insect lineages.
  • Alternative signaling pathways likely evolved for nutrient-sensitive weapon growth in beetles.