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Related Concept Videos

Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

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Have the 'black clouds' cleared with new residency programme regulations?

A J Schissler1, A J Einstein1,2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Internal Medicine Journal
|June 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The "black cloud" designation for residents perceived to work harder persists despite residency program changes. However, these designated residents did not experience a greater clinical workload compared to their peers.

Keywords:
educationmedical trainingphysician wellnessresidency

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Physician Wellness
  • Internal Medicine Training

Background:

  • Historically, residents perceived to work harder were labeled with the 'black cloud' designation.
  • Recent residency training program reforms aimed to enhance physician wellness and equalize clinical workloads.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the continued presence of 'black cloud' trainees in Internal Medicine residency programs.
  • To assess if residents with the 'black cloud' designation experienced a higher clinical workload.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was administered to the entire Internal Medicine internship class of 2014 at Columbia.
  • Data collected assessed the perception and reality of clinical workload among residents.

Main Results:

  • Some residents were still identified with the 'black cloud' designation.
  • There was no statistically significant difference in clinical workload between 'black cloud' residents and their peers.

Conclusions:

  • The 'black cloud' perception among residents may persist despite program changes.
  • Current residency training reforms appear to have mitigated workload disparities, even for those perceived to work harder.