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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes
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Physiological, pathological, and engineered cell identity reprogramming in the central nervous system.

Derek K Smith1,2, Leilei Wang1,2, Chun-Li Zhang1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, U.S.A.,.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
|June 4, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neural stem cells in the adult brain can generate new neurons. Understanding cell reprogramming is key for developing therapies to repair the central nervous system after injury or neurodegeneration.

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Last Updated: Mar 20, 2026

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Multipotent neural stem cells exist in specific adult mammalian central nervous system regions.
  • These cells are crucial for maintaining neural homeostasis through differentiation into various neuron subtypes.
  • Endogenous neurogenesis can be modulated by physiological cues, injury, and neurodegeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms of cell identity reprogramming for generating new neurons in non-neurogenic areas.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding these reprogramming processes for therapeutic neural regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research on endogenous neurogenesis.
  • Analysis of cell identity reprogramming strategies.
  • Exploration of therapeutic applications for neural repair.

Main Results:

  • Adult mammalian brains retain regions with proliferative neural stem cells.
  • These stem cells can differentiate into diverse neuron subtypes.
  • New neurons can be engineered in non-neurogenic regions through cell identity reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • A deep understanding of neural stem cell reprogramming is essential for developing effective therapeutic strategies.
  • These strategies aim to enhance functional recovery following central nervous system injury and neurodegeneration.