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Updated: Mar 20, 2026

Genome-wide Snapshot of Chromatin Regulators and States in Xenopus Embryos by ChIP-Seq
Published on: February 26, 2015
Chromatin Scanning by Dynamic Binding of Pioneer Factors
Kenneth S Zaret1, Jonathan Lerner1, Makiko Iwafuchi-Doi1
1Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5157, USA.
Abstract:
Pioneer factors such as FoxA target nucleosomal DNA and initiate cooperative interactions at silent genes during development, cellular reprogramming, and steroid hormone induction. Biophysical studies previously showed that the nuclear mobility of FoxA1 is slower than for many other transcription factors, whereas a new single molecule study (Swinstead et al., 2016, Cell) shows comparable chromatin residence times for FoxA1 and steroid receptors. Despite that steroid receptors engage nucleosome-remodeling complexes, the vast majority of co-bound sites with FoxA are dependent upon FoxA, not vice versa. Taken together, the distinguishing feature of pioneer factors remains nucleosomal access rather than an exceptional residence time in chromatin.
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