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Updated: Mar 20, 2026
A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
Published on: September 21, 2017
Numerical simulations of the 10-year-old head response in drop impacts and compression tests
Zhou Zhou1, Binhui Jiang2, Libo Cao1
1The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China.
Insights
A new finite element model of a child's head accurately simulates head injury responses. This biofidelic model aids in understanding pediatric head trauma mechanisms and predicting injury risks.
Area of Science:
- Biomechanics
- Pediatric Traumatology
- Computational Modeling
Background:
- Head impacts are a leading cause of severe injury and mortality in children.
- Ethical and regulatory issues limit the development of pediatric head injury models.
- A high-biofidelity computational model is needed for pediatric head injury research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a biofidelic finite element model of a child's head.
- To enable the study of pediatric head injury mechanisms.
- To provide a tool for analyzing injury risks in pediatric head impacts.
Main Methods:
- A 10-year-old pediatric finite element head model was developed.
- The model was validated against experimental data from cadaveric child specimens (quasi-static compressions and drop tests).
- The validated model was used for fall accident reconstruction and injury analysis.
Main Results:
- The model accurately predicted acceleration-time histories, with a maximum discrepancy of -8.2% in peak acceleration.
- Force-deflection responses showed a maximum discrepancy of 7.5% under compression loading.
- Injury metrics (von Mises stress, principal strain, ICP, HIC, BrIC, HIP) were calculated for accident reconstruction.
Conclusions:
- Intracranial pressure (ICP) reflects impact energy but not precise injury locations.
- High stress (σv) predictions in the model correlate with observed subdural hematomas and impact sites.
- High strain (εp) predictions align with common locations of diffuse axonal injury (DAI).
Background And Objective:
Studies on traumatic injuries of children indicate that impact to the head is a major cause of severe injury and high mortality. However, regulatory and ethical concerns very much limit development and validation of computer models representing the pediatric head. The purpose of this study was to develop a child head finite element model with high-biofidelity to be used for studying pediatric head injury mechanisms.
Methods:
A newly developed 10-year-old (YO) pediatric finite element head model was limitedly validated for kinematic and kinetic responses against data from quasi-static compressions and drop tests obtained from an experimental study involving a child-cadaver specimen. The validated model was subsequently used for a fall accident reconstruction and associated injury analysis.
Results:
The model predicted the same shape of acceleration-time histories as was found in drop tests with the largest discrepancy of -8.2% in the peak acceleration at a drop height of 15 cm. Force-deflection responses predicted by the model for compression loading had a maximum discrepancy of 7.5% at a strain rate of 0.3 s(-1). The model-predicted maximum von Mises stress (σv) and principal strain (εp) in the skull, intracranial pressure (ICP), maximum σv and maximum εp in the brain, head injury criterion (HIC), brain injury criterion (BrIC), and head impact power (HIP) were used for analyzing risks of injury in the accident reconstruction.
Conclusions:
Based on the results of the injury analyses, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) ICP cannot be used to accurately predict the locations of brain injury, but it may reflect the overall energy level of the impact event. (2) The brain regions predicted by the model to have high σv coincide with the locations of subdural hematoma with transtentorial herniation and the impact position of an actual injury. (3) The brain regions with high εp predicted by the model coincide with locations commonly found where diffuse axonal injuries (DAI) due to blunt-impact and rapid acceleration have taken place.
