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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

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A three dimensional nerve map of human bladder trigone.

J Todd Purves1,2,3,4, Laura Spruill5, Eric Rovner2

  • 1Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|June 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study maps human bladder trigone innervation from nerves to the urothelium. Findings reveal specific nerve densities and pathways, aiding therapies for urinary incontinence and pelvic pain.

Keywords:
bladderbotoxbotulinumcontinencehumaninnervationmapnerves

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Neuroanatomy
  • Pelvic Floor Medicine

Background:

  • Human bladder innervation pathways are known centrally but not spatially detailed within bladder layers.
  • Understanding the precise location and branching of nerves in the bladder wall is crucial for functional insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) map of human bladder trigone innervation.
  • To trace nerves from extrinsic perivesical adventitial nerve trunks to the urothelium.

Main Methods:

  • Human male and female bladders were harvested and fixed.
  • Serial sectioning (5 μm) of the bladder neck and trigone region.
  • S100 staining, slide scanning, and 3D map alignment were performed.

Main Results:

  • Nerve entry into the detrusor muscle is most frequent at the bladder neck and interureteric ridge.
  • Nerves run parallel to the lumen within the adventitia, outside the detrusor.
  • Nerve band depth varies: 0.7-1.7 cm in females, and 0.5-1+ cm in males.

Conclusions:

  • Myelinated neural pathways in the human bladder trigone exhibit distinct regional densities.
  • This 3D innervation map can guide targeted therapies for urinary incontinence and pelvic pain.