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The Angiosperm Life Cycle02:39

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Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.
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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 20, 2026

An Efficient Method for Quantitative, Single-cell Analysis of Chromatin Modification and Nuclear Architecture in Whole-mount Ovules in Arabidopsis
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B CHROMOSOMES IN ANGIOSPERM--A REVIEW.

A K Datta, A Mandal, D Das

    Tsitologiia I Genetika
    |June 9, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    B chromosomes (Bs) in angiosperms are reviewed for their occurrence, evolution, and host interactions. These genetically inert, selfish DNA elements exhibit unique modifications and drives, presenting an ongoing evolutionary enigma.

    Area of Science:

    • Plant genetics
    • Evolutionary biology
    • Cytogenetics

    Background:

    • B chromosomes (Bs) are accessory chromosomes found in various organisms, including angiosperms.
    • Their origin, evolution, and precise role in host plant genomes remain incompletely understood.
    • Previous research has identified Bs in numerous plant species, highlighting their diverse morphology and behavior.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive review of B chromosomes in angiosperms.
    • To explore the occurrence, morphology, and genetic characteristics of Bs.
    • To discuss the evolutionary aspects and host interactions of B chromosomes, aiming to clarify their enigmatic nature.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of existing studies on B chromosomes in angiosperms.

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  • Analysis of data on B chromosome occurrence, morphology, and genetic content.
  • Synthesis of information regarding B chromosome origin, evolution, and function.

    • Main Results:

    • B chromosomes exhibit significant diversity in occurrence, morphology, and polymorphic forms across angiosperm species.
    • They possess unique features like divisional phase heterogeneity, altered chromatin organization, and specific sequence compositions.
    • Bs demonstrate modifications such as centromeric/telomeric sequence insertion, structural reorganization, and acquisition of mitotic/meiotic drives.
    • Despite these modifications, Bs generally function as genetically inert, selfish DNA within the host genome.

    Conclusions:

    • B chromosomes represent a fascinating area of evolutionary genetics in angiosperms.
    • Their complex modifications and selfish nature suggest unique evolutionary trajectories.
    • Further research is needed to fully unravel the evolutionary significance and mechanisms of B chromosomes.