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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing
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Chromosome fusions triggered by noncoding RNA.

John R Bracht1, Xing Wang2, Keerthi Shetty3,4

  • 1a Department of Biology , American University , Washington, DC , USA.

RNA Biology
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small RNAs can induce heritable chromosome fusions in Oxytricha trifallax, acting as drivers of genomic rearrangement. This discovery reveals a novel mechanism for stable transmission of genetic changes across generations.

Keywords:
Chromosome fusionOxytrichalong noncoding RNApiRNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Chromosomal fusions are prevalent in normal and cancer cells, often leading to aberrant gene products that drive cellular transformation.
  • The precise mechanisms underlying recurrent chromosomal fusions remain largely unknown, though RNA's involvement has been hypothesized.
  • Oxytricha trifallax, a unicellular eukaryote, possesses remarkable genome editing capabilities during somatic differentiation, making it an ideal model for studying genome rearrangements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of small noncoding RNAs in inducing chromosome fusions during somatic differentiation.
  • To determine if RNA-induced chromosome fusions are heritable and if they involve specific small RNA molecules.
  • To explore the potential of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mediating chromosome fusions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Oxytricha trifallax as a model system to experimentally induce and observe chromosome fusions.
  • Employing small RNAs to test their capacity for inducing fusions in distinct germline loci.
  • Analyzing the heritability of induced fusions over multiple sexual generations.
  • Characterizing the involvement of piRNA molecules in the transmission of fused junctions.
  • Investigating the effect of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) on inducing fusions between distal germline loci.

Main Results:

  • Small RNAs were demonstrated to induce chromosome fusions in all 4 tested cases, including a complex fusion of 3 chromosomes.
  • These RNA-mediated chromosome fusions were found to be heritable across multiple sexual generations.
  • Transmission of acquired fusions correlated with the endogenous production of novel piRNA molecules targeting the fused junction.
  • A long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) was shown to induce fusion between two distal germline loci.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant, short-lived RNAs can act as potent drivers of chromosome fusion events.
  • These RNA-induced chromosome fusions can be stably transmitted to subsequent generations.
  • The study highlights a novel mechanism for generating heritable genomic alterations through RNA activity.