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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Neglected filoviruses.

Robin Burk1,2, Laura Bollinger1, Joshua C Johnson1

  • 1Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.

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Summary

While Ebola virus dominates research, other filoviruses pose potential threats. This review details knowledge gaps and research needs for less-studied filoviruses to prepare for future outbreaks.

Keywords:
EbolaFiloviridaecuevavirusebolavirusfilovirusmarburgvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Filoviridae family includes Marburg, Sudan, and Ebola viruses, with Ebola dominating research since 2014 due to a major West African outbreak.
  • Historically, filovirus outbreaks in Equatorial Africa were sporadic and limited in scale, but Ebola virus caused a large-scale epidemic with significant mortality.
  • Despite high case-fatality rates, the ecology and emergence mechanisms of Ebola virus and other filoviruses remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on less-characterized filoviruses within the Filoviridae family.
  • To highlight research gaps and the lack of medical countermeasures for these understudied viruses.
  • To underscore the potential risk of future outbreaks caused by these filoviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review summarizing existing research on filoviruses.
  • Analysis of historical outbreak data and current research focus.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps concerning filovirus ecology and emergence.

Main Results:

  • Ebola virus has received disproportionate research attention, overshadowing other filoviruses like Bundibugyo, Lloviu, Ravn, Reston, and Taï Forest viruses.
  • Rudimentary research tools and medical countermeasures are lacking for many less-characterized filoviruses.
  • The ecological factors and emergence mechanisms driving filovirus outbreaks are not well understood.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need to expand research on less-characterized filoviruses to understand their potential for causing future large-scale outbreaks.
  • Development of research tools and medical countermeasures for these understudied viruses is essential for global health security.
  • A comprehensive understanding of filovirus emergence is crucial for effective prevention and control strategies.