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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

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Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

591
Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
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Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

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Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
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Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

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Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Does exercise pulmonary hypertension exist?

Edmund M Lau1, Denis Chemla, Kenneth Whyte

  • 1aDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia bUniv. Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U_999, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France cAP-HP, Services des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France dGreenlane Respiratory Services, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand eDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria fDépartement de Chirurgie Thoracique, Vasculaire et de Transplantation Pulmonaire, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson gFrench Referral Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Exercise pulmonary hypertension, previously defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure over 30 mmHg, is now recognized as a clinically significant condition. New evidence suggests a revised definition may aid in early disease detection.

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The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • The previous definition of exercise pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure > 30 mmHg) was abandoned in 2008 due to lack of evidence and applicability to healthy individuals.
  • The clinical utility of exercise pulmonary hemodynamic testing has faced scrutiny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and definition of exercise pulmonary hypertension.
  • To highlight the clinical relevance of abnormal pulmonary hemodynamic responses during exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data and evidence regarding exercise pulmonary hemodynamics.
  • Analysis of proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms and diagnostic criteria.

Main Results:

  • Abnormal pulmonary hemodynamic responses during exercise are linked to symptoms and exercise limitation.
  • Proposed definition for exercise pulmonary hypertension: mean pulmonary artery pressure > 30 mmHg with total pulmonary resistance > 3 WU during exercise.
  • Pathophysiology involves increased vascular resistance, elevated left atrial pressure, or increased air volume during exercise.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise pulmonary hypertension is a clinically relevant condition with a revised definition based on new evidence.
  • Exercise pulmonary hemodynamics can identify early or latent pulmonary hypertension, especially in high-risk populations.