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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

6
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
6
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

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Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
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Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

9
Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment
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Booster dose vaccination for preventing hepatitis B.

Jalal Poorolajal1, Elham Hooshmand

  • 1Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh Ave, Hamadan, Hamadan, Iran, 6517838695.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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Summary

Hepatitis B vaccine immunity can decrease over time. This review found no eligible randomized clinical trials to determine if a booster vaccine dose is beneficial for individuals with low antibody levels, highlighting the need for such studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) wane post-vaccination, raising questions about long-term immunity.
  • It remains unclear if individuals vaccinated with three- or four-dose schedules retain immunity when anti-HBs levels are undetectable or below protective thresholds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the benefits and harms of a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose administered more than five years after primary vaccination.
  • To evaluate efficacy in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in healthy, previously vaccinated individuals with anti-HBs levels below 10 mIU/mL.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases (Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, etc.) and clinical trial registries up to May 2016.
  • Included randomized clinical trials assessing anamnestic immune response to a hepatitis B vaccine booster dose in healthy, previously vaccinated individuals.
  • Primary outcomes were anamnestic immune response and HBV infection; secondary outcomes included local and systemic adverse events.

Main Results:

  • No eligible randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria for this review.
  • The lack of eligible studies prevents an assessment of the benefits and harms of hepatitis B vaccine boosters in this population.

Conclusions:

  • No randomized clinical trials were identified to answer whether a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine protects against hepatitis B infection.
  • Further randomized clinical trials are necessary to determine the efficacy and safety of hepatitis B vaccine boosters in individuals with waning immunity.