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Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

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HIV infection and bone disease.

J Compston1

  • 1Dept of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Ave, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK. jec1001@cam.ac.uk.

Journal of Internal Medicine
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Antiretroviral therapy improves HIV survival but increases fracture risk due to bone loss, especially early in treatment. Bone health assessment and interventions are crucial for aging HIV patients.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection into a manageable chronic condition, increasing life expectancy.
  • An aging HIV-infected population experiences a rise in non-AIDS comorbidities, notably osteoporosis and elevated fracture risk.
  • Fracture pathogenesis in HIV is complex, influenced by traditional factors and HIV-specific elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the emergence of osteoporosis and fracture risk in the aging HIV-infected population.
  • To discuss the multifactorial causes of fractures in individuals with HIV.
  • To recommend strategies for managing bone health in HIV patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on HIV, aging, bone metabolism, and fracture risk.
Keywords:
HIV infectionantiretroviral therapyfractureosteoporosis

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  • Analysis of the impact of ART initiation and long-term use on bone mineral density.
  • Evaluation of risk factors contributing to fractures in HIV-infected individuals.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant bone loss is observed upon initiating ART, which tends to stabilize with long-term treatment.
    • HIV-associated osteoporosis and increased fracture risk are recognized comorbidities in the aging HIV population.
    • Fracture risk is multifactorial, involving both general and HIV-specific risk factors.

    Conclusions:

    • Fracture risk assessment and bone mineral density measurement are recommended for HIV-infected individuals.
    • Lifestyle modifications to promote bone health should be advised.
    • Bisphosphonate therapy should be considered for HIV patients at high risk of fracture.