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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Oxidation Numbers

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In redox reactions, the transfer of electrons occurs between reacting species. Electron transfer is described by a hypothetical number called the oxidation number (or oxidation state). It represents the effective charge of an atom or element, which is assigned using a set of rules.
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Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions03:11

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

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Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
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Oxidation State 10 Exists.

Haoyu S Yu1, Donald G Truhlar2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, USA.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored the highest possible chemical oxidation states using density functional theory. Platinum tetraoxide dianion (PtO4 2-) was found to be a metastable compound with a potential oxidation state of 10.

Keywords:
density functional calculationformal oxidation stateoxidation stateplatinum tetroxide dication

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Theoretical Chemistry

Background:

  • The highest known stable oxidation state in a compound was recently reported as 9.
  • Exploring the limits of chemical oxidation states is crucial for understanding chemical bonding and reactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the theoretical possibility of achieving oxidation states beyond 9.
  • To determine if oxidation state 10 is achievable in stable chemical compounds.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) calculations.
  • Investigated the stability of various high-oxidation-state metal-oxide and metal-oxyhalide compounds.

Main Results:

  • Identified a metastable state for PtO4 (2-) with a potential oxidation state of 10.
  • This PtO4 (2-) state exhibits kinetic stability with a decomposition barrier of 31 kcal/mol and a calculated lifetime of 0.9 years.
  • Other studied compounds with oxidation state 10 readily decomposed.

Conclusions:

  • Oxidation state 10 is theoretically achievable, specifically in the PtO4 (2-) compound.
  • This finding expands the known limits of chemical oxidation states.
  • The study highlights the potential for discovering novel compounds with exceptionally high oxidation states.