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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pleural Effusion I: Introduction01:25

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Pleural effusion is an abnormal fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity, a narrow space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is not a disease per se but rather a symptom or indication of an underlying disease. In normal circumstances, this space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), a lubricant facilitating the non-frictional movement of the pleural surfaces.
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Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Amniotic fluid embolism.

Kiranpreet Kaur1, Mamta Bhardwaj1, Prashant Kumar1

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology
|June 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but devastating pregnancy complication where amniotic fluid enters maternal circulation, causing collapse. Maternal prognosis is poor, but infant survival rates are around 70%.

Keywords:
Amniotic fluid/diagnosisamniotic fluid/ therapyembolismmaternal mortality

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a sudden, life-threatening obstetric emergency.
  • It involves the entry of amniotic fluid or fetal material into the maternal pulmonary circulation.
  • Etiology is largely unknown, occurring during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or postpartum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of amniotic fluid embolism.
  • To outline the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of AFE.
  • To discuss the maternal and infant prognosis associated with AFE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on amniotic fluid embolism.
  • Analysis of clinical signs, symptoms, and diagnostic investigations.
  • Evaluation of treatment modalities and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • AFE presents with acute cardiovascular collapse, respiratory distress, and coagulopathy.
  • Diagnosis is supported by clinical presentation and investigations like lung scans and serum tryptase.
  • Treatment is primarily supportive, with limited specific interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Amniotic fluid embolism has a catastrophic impact on maternal health with a poor prognosis.
  • While maternal outcomes are grim, infant survival rates remain relatively high at approximately 70%.
  • Further research into the etiology and effective treatments for AFE is warranted.