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Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Cox-Maze IV Procedure Concomitant with Valvular Surgery In Situs Inversus Dextrocardia: A Single-Center Experience in China
Published on: February 11, 2022
Right- and left-sided carcinoid heart disease without intracardiac shunting
Go Igawa1, Katsunori Ishida2, Koichi Matsubara2
1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan. sinkateyou@yahoo.co.jp.
Abstract:
We present a case of a 54-year-old man with carcinoid heart disease and mitral valve involvement. He had hepatic carcinoid with an extremely elevated urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and was referred to our division for shortness of breath and leg edema. Transthoracic echocardiography showed the thickened and retracted tricuspid valve leaflets and severe tricuspid regurgitation. Moderate mitral regurgitation was observed, with the involvement of mitral valve leaflets. A patent foramen ovale was not detected on transesophageal echocardiography. The extremely high concentration of circulating serotonin and/or other vasoactive substances may have contributed to left- as well as right-sided carcinoid heart disease.
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