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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules and biological polymers that are released during membrane trafficking events such as the secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The degradation is carried out by several hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen. These acid hydrolases are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling,...
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Lysosomal and vacuolar sorting: not so different after all!

Carine de Marcos Lousa1, Jurgen Denecke2

  • 1School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS13HE, U.K. Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, U.K. c.de-marcos-lousa@leedsbeckett.ac.uk j.denecke@leeds.ac.uk.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|June 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Lysosomal/vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) guide soluble hydrolases to their correct cellular destinations. This review compares VSR structure and function across human, yeast, and plant systems to find common sorting mechanisms.

Keywords:
endosomal sortinglysosomesreceptorstraffickingvacuole

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Soluble hydrolases are key lysosomal and vacuolar proteins essential for eukaryotic cell function.
  • Specific receptors control the sorting of these hydrolases, preventing mislocalization and cellular damage.
  • Receptors bind cargo in the secretory pathway, deliver it to target organelles, and recycle for further recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically explore and compare the structure and function of lysosomal/vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs).
  • To identify common denominators and specific examples of diversification in VSRs across different model systems.
  • To fill the knowledge gap regarding comparative analysis of VSRs in human, yeast, and plant organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of VSR structure and function.
  • Literature review of studies on VSRs in human, yeast, and plant model systems.
  • Exploration of sorting signals in both cargo and receptor molecules.

Main Results:

  • The review synthesizes existing data on VSRs from human, yeast, and plant systems.
  • It highlights conserved and divergent mechanisms in VSR-mediated protein sorting.
  • Specific examples of functional diversification in VSRs are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding VSRs is crucial for maintaining lysosomal and vacuolar homeostasis.
  • Comparative studies reveal conserved principles and unique adaptations in protein sorting pathways.
  • This review provides a foundation for further research into VSRs and their roles in cellular function.