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Related Concept Videos

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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According to valence bond theory, a covalent bond results when: (1) an orbital on one atom overlaps an orbital on a second atom, and (2) the single electrons in each orbital combine to form an electron pair. The strength of a covalent bond depends on the extent of overlap of the orbitals involved. Maximum overlap is possible when the orbitals overlap on a direct line between the two nuclei.
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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High-Resolution Neutron Spectroscopy to Study Picosecond-Nanosecond Dynamics of Proteins and Hydration Water
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Neutron Skins and Halo Orbits in the sd and pf Shells.

J Bonnard1, S M Lenzi1,2, A P Zuker2,3

  • 1Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.

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|June 11, 2016
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Summary

Two mechanisms influence nuclear neutron skins. One is understood isovector monopole polarizability, while a newly detected halo orbit mechanism significantly impacts nuclear radii and isotope shifts.

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Coulomb energies strongly depend on nuclear radii.
  • Estimating nuclear radii is crucial for understanding nuclear structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms contributing to neutron skins in atomic nuclei.
  • To analyze the influence of isovector monopole polarizability and halo orbits on nuclear radii.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Coulomb energies to extract nuclear radii.
  • Investigating the radial behavior of sd and pf shell nuclei.
  • Examining isotope shifts and nuclear radii trends.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct mechanisms affecting neutron skins were identified: isovector monopole polarizability and halo orbits.
  • Isovector monopole polarizability drives neutron and proton radii towards equalization.
  • Halo orbits contribute to larger neutron skins and explain isotope shift anomalies beyond N=28.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates two key mechanisms governing neutron skins, reconciling previous findings and introducing a novel explanation for nuclear radius behavior.
  • The newly identified halo orbit mechanism offers insights into nuclear structure beyond established theories like Efimov physics.