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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects
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Large local reactions to insect envenomation.

John Carlson1, David B K Golden

  • 1aTulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana bJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|June 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Large local reactions (LLRs) from insect stings cause morbidity. Management differs from allergic reactions, focusing on reassurance and avoiding unnecessary medications, with immunotherapy for frequent, impairing LLRs.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Allergy and Immunology

Background:

  • Insect stings commonly cause large local reactions (LLRs), leading to significant morbidity.
  • LLRs have an immunologic basis but require distinct management compared to systemic allergic reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunologic basis of LLRs.
  • To outline appropriate clinical management strategies for patients experiencing LLRs.
  • To differentiate LLR management from systemic allergic reactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on insect sting reactions.
  • Analysis of immunologic mechanisms underlying LLRs.
  • Evaluation of treatment guidelines and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Morbidity from LLRs stems from inflammation and iatrogenic treatment effects.
  • Antihistamines and antibiotics are generally not indicated for LLRs due to risks and limited benefit.
  • Autoinjectable epinephrine is not typically warranted for LLRs, even with IgE involvement.
  • Venom-specific immunotherapy is an option for frequent LLRs causing significant impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians should reassure patients regarding LLRs.
  • Avoidance of non-indicated medications with potential side effects is crucial.
  • Referral to an allergist is recommended for persistent or concerning LLRs, particularly those causing frequent impairment.