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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation
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Cortical bone fracture analysis using XFEM - case study.

Ashraf Idkaidek1, Iwona Jasiuk1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering
|June 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Simulating human cortical bone fracture accurately is possible with the extended finite element method. Both cohesive segment and linear elastic fracture mechanics approaches effectively model crack initiation and propagation, with mesh density and increment size influencing results.

Keywords:
cortical bonecrack growthextended finite element methodfracturemicrostructurenumerical simulations

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Mechanics

Background:

  • Human cortical bone fracture simulation is crucial for understanding bone mechanics and injury.
  • Accurate modeling requires considering the complex microstructural features of bone, such as interstitial bone, cement lines, and osteons.
  • The extended finite element method (XFEM) offers a powerful framework for simulating fracture phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To achieve an accurate simulation of human cortical bone fracture using the extended finite element method (XFEM).
  • To investigate the influence of different fracture analysis methods (cohesive segment vs. linear elastic fracture mechanics) on simulation outcomes.
  • To evaluate the impact of finite element type, boundary conditions, mesh density, and simulation increment size on crack initiation and propagation.

Main Methods:

  • A 2D unit cell model of human cortical bone was constructed based on microscopy images.
  • Material properties for interstitial bone, cement lines, and osteons were obtained from nanoindentation and literature.
  • The extended finite element method (XFEM) was employed within Abaqus software, comparing cohesive segment and linear elastic fracture mechanics approaches.
  • Various finite element types, boundary conditions, mesh densities, and increment sizes were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Both cohesive segment and linear elastic fracture mechanics approaches within XFEM can effectively simulate cortical bone fracture.
  • Mesh density and simulation increment size significantly influence the analysis results.
  • Using finer meshes or smaller increment sizes does not consistently yield more accurate results.
  • The cohesive segment approach resulted in a slower crack propagation speed compared to the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach.
  • Reduced integration elements, when used with the cohesive segment approach, further decreased crack propagation speed.

Conclusions:

  • The extended finite element method (XFEM) provides a viable approach for simulating human cortical bone fracture.
  • The choice of fracture analysis method (cohesive segment or linear elastic fracture mechanics) affects simulation results, particularly crack propagation speed.
  • Careful consideration of mesh density and simulation increment size is necessary for reliable fracture simulations in cortical bone.
  • Understanding these simulation parameters is vital for advancing the biomechanical analysis of bone health and injury.