Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.1K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
1.1K
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

2.0K
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
2.0K
Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

1.4K
Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also...
1.4K
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

3.0K
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
3.0K
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

3.3K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
3.3K
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

6.8K
Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
6.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Gene, A Breakthrough, A Challenge: Lessons From the History of Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Journal of child neurology·2026
Same author

Development and validation of a dementia risk prediction model for low- and middle-income countries: the 10/66 study.

American journal of epidemiology·2026
Same author

Prevalence and risk factors of cognitive impairment among stroke survivors in India: an analysis of cross-sectional data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India.

BMJ open·2026
Same author

Impact of multimorbidity on change in quality of life in a multi-ethnic Asian population: a longitudinal study.

Health and quality of life outcomes·2026
Same author

Health advocacy training in undergraduate medical education over 20 years: A scoping review.

Medical teacher·2026
Same author

Rare and Atypical Manifestations of ARSACS-A Report of Two Cases.

Cerebellum (London, England)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.1K

Infantile spasms: A prognostic evaluation.

Mary Iype1, Geetha Saradakutty2, Puthuvathra Abdul Mohammed Kunju1

  • 1Department of Paediatric Neurology, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.

Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
|June 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infantile spasms prognosis is concerning, with only 51% seizure freedom and significant developmental delays. Early identification of seizure predictors is crucial for better outcomes in infants with spasms.

Keywords:
DevelopmentWest syndromecognitive outcomeinfantile spasmsoutcomeprognosispsychomotor developmentseizure freedom

More Related Videos

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.6K
Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
14:55

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Published on: April 18, 2011

14.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Author Spotlight: Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Movement Observation in Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

2.1K
Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

1.6K
Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
14:55

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Published on: April 18, 2011

14.3K

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Comprehensive prognostic data for infantile spasms, focusing on seizure profiles and psychomotor outcomes, remains limited.
  • Infantile spasms (IS) represent a significant neurological challenge in early childhood, necessitating detailed prognostic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively evaluate the etiology, demographics, semiology, EEG, and radiological patterns in infantile spasms.
  • To assess seizure control, psychomotor development, and EEG resolution following treatment for IS.
  • To identify factors influencing spasm control, EEG normalization, and psychomotor development at a 3-year follow-up.

Main Methods:

  • Recruitment of 50 newly diagnosed infantile spasms cases (age 1-12 months) with hypsarrhythmia on EEG.
  • Follow-up of 43 patients for a duration of 3 years to assess outcomes.
  • Utilized multivariate analysis to identify predictors for seizure control and psychomotor development.

Main Results:

  • At 3-year follow-up, 51% of children achieved seizure freedom, and 37% had normalized EEGs.
  • A high prevalence of autistic features (74%) was observed; only 11.6% of all children exhibited normal development across all assessed domains.
  • Predictors for poor seizure outcome included the presence of additional seizure types and lack of response to 28-day adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Two key factors were identified that predict seizure freedom in infantile spasms.
  • While seizure control rates are comparable to existing literature, the long-term cognitive outcomes for children with infantile spasms remain discouraging.
  • Further research is needed to improve developmental trajectories and long-term prognoses for affected children.