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Winter temperatures decrease swimming performance and limit distributions of tropical damselfishes.

Jacob L Johansen1, John F Steffensen2, Geoffrey P Jones3

  • 1Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL 32080, USA; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.

Conservation Physiology
|June 14, 2016
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Summary

Seasonal temperature changes impact coral reef fish performance and distribution. Increased thermal variability at higher latitudes reduces swimming ability and may contract species ranges.

Keywords:
Abundancedistributionmetabolismtemperaturethermal windowtropical teleosts

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Ecology
  • Climate Change Biology

Background:

  • Coral reefs near the equator have stable temperatures (≤3°C seasonal variation).
  • Reef ectotherms evolved in stable conditions are sensitive to higher latitudes' thermal variability (>6°C).
  • The effect of thermal variability on sensitive reef ectotherms' fitness and distribution is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of increased thermal variability on the performance and distribution of coral reef damselfishes.
  • To assess how seasonal temperature fluctuations affect key physiological and behavioral indicators in damselfishes.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 10 species of planktivorous coral reef damselfishes from the Great Barrier Reef with significant seasonal temperature variation (≥6°C).
  • Measured four performance indicators: aerobic scope, optimal swimming speed, critical swimming speed, and gait transition speed.
  • Correlated performance data with field surveys of species distribution and habitat use.

Main Results:

  • Reduced performance in winter (23°C) compared to summer (29°C) across all measured indicators.
  • Aerobic scope decreased by 35-45% in 5 species/3 genera; efficient swimming speed reduced by 17%.
  • Critical swimming and gait transition speeds decreased by 16-42% in 6 species/4 genera; species distribution correlated with performance.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal variability across latitudes reduces performance of coral reef damselfishes.
  • Species distribution is limited by their ability to maintain critical swimming and foraging speeds against currents.
  • Increased thermal fluctuation may lead to sublethal performance changes and biogeographic range contraction for reef fish.