Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

1.3K
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
1.3K
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

113
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
113
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

313
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
313
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

122
Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
122
Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview01:21

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

3.2K
When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
3.2K
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

1.6K
Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Racial Differences in Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Incident Hypertension: A Mediation Analysis.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026
Same author

Prenatal exposure to nicotine and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Archives of women's mental health·2026
Same author

Mediating effect of social determinants of health between race and phthalate biomarkers in pregnancy.

Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.)·2026
Same author

Association of Substance Use and Psychological Conditions With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Propensity-Matched Analysis.

JACC. Advances·2026
Same author

The Influence of Hindsight and Outcome Bias on Fetal Heart Rate Interpretation and Judgments of Obstetric Care Quality.

American journal of perinatology·2026
Same author

Severe Maternal Morbidity and Breastfeeding Among Nulliparous Individuals in the United States.

Obstetrics and gynecology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development
05:44

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development

Published on: May 17, 2024

1.2K

Is There a Causal Relation between Maternal Acetaminophen Administration and ADHD?

Antonio Saad1, Shruti Hegde1, Talar Kechichian1

  • 1Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.

Plos One
|June 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Prenatal acetaminophen (APAP) exposure in mice did not lead to hyperkinetic behaviors or brain abnormalities in offspring. This study challenges the hypothesis linking maternal APAP use to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.

More Related Videos

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

88.4K
The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

8.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 19, 2026

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development
05:44

Author Spotlight: Collecting the Brain and Serum from the Same Mice Fetus to Study Brain Tumor Development

Published on: May 17, 2024

1.2K
Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
19:15

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

88.4K
The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

8.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Epidemiological studies suggest a link between maternal acetaminophen (APAP) use and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children.
  • Causality has not been established in previous human studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if prenatal exposure to acetaminophen (APAP) during pregnancy causes hyperkinetic dysfunctions in offspring.
  • Utilized a murine model to assess the effects of APAP exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Pregnant mice received either APAP (150 mg/kg/day) or a control solution from embryonic day 7 until delivery.
  • Offspring underwent behavioral testing for locomotor activity (LMA).
  • Brain MRI and neuronal quantification were performed on offspring, with statistical analysis using a mixed-effects Poisson regression model.

Main Results:

  • Maternal serum APAP levels peaked as expected, with no significant differences in alanine transaminase (ALT) levels between groups.
  • No significant differences in locomotor activity, brain region volumes (MRI), or neuronal counts were observed in offspring exposed to APAP in utero.
  • Statistical analysis, corrected for multiple comparisons, did not reveal any adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • The study refutes the hypothesis that prenatal APAP exposure causes hyperkinetic dysfunction in mouse offspring.
  • Results should be interpreted with caution due to limitations in accurately assessing ADHD in murine models compared to clinical data.