Bos taurus ultralong CDR H3 antibodies

Cow antibodies are unusual in having an exceptionally long third complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDR H3). These CDR H3s have a multitude of cysteines and form a distinct domain characterized by a β-ribbon 'stalk' and disulfide bonded 'knob'. Cows appear to utilize somatic hypermutation of a single VDJ rearrangement to produce an astounding variety of distinct CDR H3 sequences with different disulfide bonding patterns within the knob. Thus, cows may be unique amongst vertebrates in evolving an antibody system with both a different scaffold for binding antigen as well as an unusual diversity creating process.