Position and motion of the human diaphragm during anesthesia-paralysis

Regional motion of the human diaphragm was determined by high-speed, three-dimensional x-ray computed tomography. Six healthy volunteers were studied first while awake and breathing spontaneously and again while anesthetized-paralyzed and their lungs ventilated mechanically. Tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency were similar during both conditions. Three subjects were studied while they were supine and three while they were prone. During spontaneous breathing, movement of dependent diaphragm regions was greater than that of nondependent regions in four of six subjects. In five of the six subjects, dorsal diaphragm movement exceeded ventral movement regardless of body position. The volume displaced by the diaphragm (delta Vdi) was similar to VT in supine subjects but tended to be less than VT in prone subjects. After induction of anesthesia-paralysis, the end-expiratory position of the diaphragm did not change consistently in supine subjects, whereas a consistent cephalad volume shift occurred in prone subjects. During anesthesia-paralysis and mechanical ventilation, delta Vdi was reduced to approximately 50% of VT in both body positions. In the supine position, the pattern of diaphragm motion during mechanical inflation was nearly uniform. By contrast, in the prone position, the motion was nonuniform, with most motion occurring in the dorsal (nondependent) regions. It is concluded that the dominant influence on diaphragm motion may be some anatomical difference between the crural and costal diaphragm regions rather than the abdominal hydrostatic pressure gradient.