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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Reporter Genes02:11

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Different fluorescence-based techniques are used to study the protein dynamics in living cells. These techniques include FRAP, FRET, and PET.
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Related Experiment Video

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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Real-time transposable element activity in individual live cells.

Neil H Kim1, Gloria Lee1, Nicholas A Sherer1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) drive genome evolution and disease. This study reveals TE activity varies by orientation, transposase levels, and cell lifecycle, offering new insights into genome plasticity.

Keywords:
evolutionquantitative biologytransposable elements

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) significantly alter host genomes, contributing to evolution, development, and disease.
  • Current bulk methods average TE behavior, masking crucial cell-to-cell and temporal variations.
  • Understanding dynamic TE activity at the single-cell level is essential for deciphering genome plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a real-time, single-cell experimental system for observing transposable element (TE) dynamics.
  • To investigate the factors influencing TE activity, including genomic orientation and protein levels.
  • To explore how cellular conditions, such as stationary phase, affect TE behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a bacterial transposable element, IS608, with fluorescent reporters for live-cell imaging.
  • Developed an experimental system to directly observe single TE excision events in individual cells.
  • Monitored TE activity in real-time throughout the cell lifecycle and under different conditions.

Main Results:

  • TE excision activity is dependent on the TE's genomic orientation and intracellular transposase concentration.
  • TE activity exhibits significant variability across individual cells and over time.
  • TE activity increases in cells predisposed to such activity upon entering stationary phase.

Conclusions:

  • Real-time live-cell imaging provides a powerful tool to study genome plasticity and molecular evolution at the single-event level.
  • TE behavior is highly dynamic and influenced by both intrinsic cellular factors and environmental cues.
  • This approach offers new avenues for exploring the role of TEs in stressed cells and their contribution to cellular diversity.